Spiritual Surrender: From Companionsip To Hierarchy In The History Of Bektashism
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8075984Keywords:
Anthropology, Bektashism, Alevism, Companionship, Hierarchy, BeliefAbstract
The system of beliefs and practices related to Bektashism seems to have cor-responded to a kind of liberation theology, whereas the structure of Bektashi groups corresponded more or less to the type of religious organization conven-tionally known as charismatic groups. It becomes understandable therefore that their spiritual tendency could at times connect with and meet social, cultural and national perspectives. In turn, when members of the previously persecuted reli-gious minority will acquire a degree of religious and political respectability within society at large, the doctrines of heterodoxy and liberation theology fade into the background. In the end, the heirs of the heterodox promoters of spiritual reform and social movement turn into followers and faithful defenders of a legitimate authority. They become the spokespeople for an institutionalized orthodoxy whose support is sought by the political regime.
References
Barthes, Roland. “Le mythe aujourd’hui” In Oeuvres complètes /1 (1993 [1957]), 681–719.
Bausinger, Herman. Volkskunde ou l’ethnologie allemande: De la recherche sur l’antiquité à l’analyse culturelle. Paris: Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l’homme. 1993.
Birge, John K. The Bektashi Order of Dervishes. London: Luzac Oriental, Repr. 1994.
Bloch, Maurice. “From Cognition to Ideology.” In Richard Fardon (ed.), Power and Knowledge: Anthropological and Sociological Approaches, Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, (1985), 21–48.
Bourdieu, Pierre. “Genèse et structure du champ religieux”. Revue Française de Socio-logie 12/3, 1971, 295–334.
Clayer, Nathalie. L’Albanie, pays des derviches: les ordres mystiques musulmans en Alba-nie à l’époque post-ottomane. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1990.
Clayer, Nathalie. Religion et nation chez les Albanais (XIXe– XXe siècles). Istanbul: Isis, 2002.
Corbin, Henry. L’homme de lumière dans le soufisme iranien. Paris: Éditions Présence, 1971.
Corbin, Henry. Corps spirituel et Terre céleste: de l’Iran mazdéen à l’Iran chiite. Paris: Buchet-Chastel, 1979.
Corbin, Henry. Temps cyclique et gnose ismaélienne. Paris: Berg Publishers, 1982.
Corbin, Henry. Face de Dieu, face de l’homme: herméneutique et soufisme. Paris: Flammarion. 1983.
Cornell, Erik. “A Surviving Neoplatonism: On the Creed of the Bektashi Order. Conversations with a Mursit”. Islam & Christian-Muslim Relations 17/1 (2006), 1–20.
De Jong, Frederick. “The Iconography of Bektashism: A Survey of Themes and Symbolism in Clerical Costume, Liturgical Objects and Pictorial Art”. Manuscripts of the Middle East / 4 (1989), 7-29.
Doja, Albert. “Histoire et dialectique des idéologies et significations religieuses”. European Legacy: Journal of the International Society for the Study of European Ideas 5/5 (2000a), 663–686.
Doja, Albert. “The Politics of Religion in the Reconstruction of Identities: The Albanian Situation”. Critique of Anthropology 20/4, (2000b), 421–438.
Doja, Albert. “Cultural Politics and Spiritual Making of Anthropologists”. Reviews in Anthropology 33/1 (2004), 73–94.
Doja, Albert. “A Political History of Bektashism from Ottoman Anatolia to Con temporary Turkey”. Journal of Church and State 48/2 (2006a), 423–450.
Doja, Albert. “A Political History of Bektashism in Albania”. Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions 7/1 (2006b), 83–107.
Douglas-Klotz. Neil. “Sufi Approaches to Peace: The Mystical and the Prophetic in Modern Culture” Spirituality and Health International 6/3 (2005), 132–137.
Evans-Pritchard. Edward E. The Sanusi of Cyrenaica. Oxford: Clarendon. 1949.
Evans-Pritchard. Theories of Primitive Religion. Oxford: Clarendon, 1965.
Faroqhi, Suraiya. “Conflict, Accommodation and Long-term Survival: The Bektashi Order and the Ottoman State (Sixteenth-Seventeenth Centuries).” In Popovic and Veinstein (1995), 171–184.
Foucault, Michel. 1980, Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972–1977. Ed. Colin Gordon. New York, NY: Pantheon Books. Gordon, Colin (ed.). Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings. New York: Pantheon Books. 1980.
Geertz, Clifford. The Religion of Java. Glencoe, IL: Free Press. 1960.
Goffman, Erving. Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. New York: Harper & Row, 1974.
Golpinarli, Abdulbaki (ed.). Menakib-i Haci Bektash-i Veli: Vilayet-Name. Istanbul, 1958.
Gramatikova, Nevena. “Changing Fates and the Issue of Alevi Identity in Bulgaria”. Sofia: International Center for Minority Studies and Intercultural Relations (2001), 564–621.
Griaule, Marcel. Dieu d’eau: entretiens avec Ogotommeli. Paris: Fayard. 1948.
Izeti, Metin. Tarikati Bektashian. Tetova, Macedonia: Çabej, 2001.
Karamustafa, Ahmet T. God’s Unruly Friends: Dervish Groups in the Islamic Later Middle Period 1200–1550. Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah Press, 1994.
Kehl-Bodrogi, Krisztina. Die Kizilbash/Aleviten: Untersuchungen über eine esoterische Glauben- sgemeinschaft in Anatolien. (Islamkundliche Untersuchungen 126.) Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1988.
Kehl-Bodrogi, Krisztina. Vom revolutionären Klassenkampf zum “Wahren” Islam: Transfor- mationsprozesse im Alevitum der Turkei nach 1980. (Sozialanthro-pologische Arbeitspapiere 49.) Berlin: Freie Universität, 1992.
Kieser, Hans-Lukas. “Muslim Heterodoxy and Protestant Utopia: The Interactions Between Alevis and Missionaries in Ottoman Anatolia”. Die Welt des Islams 41/1 (2001), 89–111.
Kissling, Hans-Joachim. “The Sociological and Educational Role of Dervish Orders in the Ottoman Empire”, In Gustave E. Grunebaum (ed.), Studies in Islamic Cultural History (Memoirs of the American Anthropological Asso-ciation 76), (1954), 23–35.
Koprulu, Mehmed Fuad. “Les origines du bektashisme: essai sur le développement historique de l’hétérodoxie musulmane en Asie mineure”, Actes du Congres Inter-national d’Histoire des Religions /2 (1926 ) 391–411.
Koprulu, Mehmed Fuad. Islam in Anatolia after the Turkish Invasion (Prolegomena). Ed. Gary Leiser. Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah Press,1993 [1922].
Kressing, Frank. 2002 “A Preliminary Account of Research Regarding the Albanian Bektashis: Myths and Unresolved Questions.” In Frank Kressing and Karl Kaser (eds.), Albania, a Country in Transition: Aspects of Changing Identities in a South-East European Country (Schriften des Zentrum für Euro-päische Integrationsforschung 51), Baden-Baden: Nomos, 65–91.
Lakshman-Lepain, Rajwantee. 2002 “Albanian Islam: Development and Disruptions.” In Frank Kressing and Karl Kaser (eds.), Albania, a Country in Transition: Aspects of Changing Identities in a South-East European Country (Schriften des Zentrum für Europäische Integrationsforschung 51), Baden-Baden: Nomos, 39–64.
Leach, Edmund. “Melchisedech and the Emperor: Icons of Subversion and Orthodoxy” Proceedings of the Royal Anthropological Institute, (1972), 5–14.
Levtzion, Nehemia (ed.). Conversion to Islam. New York, NY: Holmes & Meier, 1979.
Massicard, Elise. L’autre Turquie: Le mouvement aléviste et ses territoires. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 2005.
Mauss, Marcel. 1950 [1924] “Essai sur le don: forme et raison de l’échange dans les sociétés archaïques.” In Sociologie et anthropologie, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 143–279. [English translation: The Gift: The Form and Reason for exchange in archaic societies, trans. W.D. Halls, foreword by Mary Douglas. New York/London: Norton 1990.]
Melikoff, Irene. Sur les traces du Soufisme turc: recherches sur l’Islam populaire en Anatolie. (Analecta Isisiana 3.). Istanbul: Isis, 1992.
Melikoff, Irene. Hadji Bektach, un mythe et ses avatars: genèse et évolution du soufisme populaire en Turquie. (Islamic History and Civilization 20.) Leiden: Brill, 1998.
Melikoff, Irene. Au banquet des Quarante: exploration au coeur du Bektachisme-Alevisme. (Analecta Isisiana 50.) Istanbul: Isis, 2001.
Moosa, Matti. Extremist Shiites: The Ghulat Sects. (Contemporary issues in the Middle East.). New York, NY: Syracuse University Press. 1988.
Müller, Klaus E. Kulturhistorische Studien zur Genese pseudo-islamischer Sektengebilde in Vorderasien. (Studien zur Kulturkunde 22.) Wiesbaden: Steiner, 1967.
Norris, Harry T. Islam in the Balkans: Religion and Society Between Europe and the Arab World. London: Hurst, 1993.
Norton, John D. “The Bektashi in the Balkans.” In Celia Hawkesworth, Muriel Heppell and Harry T. Norris (eds.), Religious Quest and National Identity in the Balkans (School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London), New York, NY: Palgrave, 2001, 168–200.
Ocak, Ahmet Yashar. Bektashi Menakibnamelerinde Islam oncesi inanc motifleri [Patterns of pre-Islamic beliefs in Bektashi books of legend]. Istanbul: Enderun Kitabevi. 1983.
Ocak, Ahmet Yashar. “Remarques sur le rôle des derviches kalender dans la formation de l’ordre bektashi.” In Popovic and Veinstein (1995) 55–62.
Peacock, James L. Muslim Puritans: Reformist Psychology in Southeast Asian Islam. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1978.
Popovic, Alexandre - Gilles Veinstein (ed.). Bektachiyya: études sur l’ordre mystique des Bektachis et les groupes relevant de Hadji Bektach. Istanbul: Isis, 1995.
Popovic, Alexandre - Gilles Veinstein (ed.). Les voies d’Allah: les ordres mystiques dans l’Islam des origines à aujourd’hui. Paris: Fayard, 1996.
Rabinow, Paul. Reflections on Fieldwork in Morocco. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1977.
Rexhebi, Baba. Misticizma Islame dhe Bektashizma. New York, NY: Waldon Press, 1970.
Rexhepagiqi, Jashar. Dervishët, rendet dhe teqetë në Kosovë, në Sanxhak e në rajonet e tjera përreth, në të kaluarën dhe sot [Dervishes, Orders and their Institutions in Kosovo, Sandjak and around, in the Past and Today]. Peja, Kosova: Dukagjini, 1999.
Ricoeur, Paul. Hermeneutics and the Human Sciences: Essays on Language, Action, and Interpretation. Ed. John B. Thompson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
Shankland, David. The Alevis in Turkey: The Emergence of a Secular Islamic Tradition. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003.
Trimingham, J. Spencer. The Sufi orders in Islam. Oxford: Clarendon. Repr. 1998. Trix, Frances, 1971.
Trimingham, J. Spencer. Spiritual Discourse: Learning with an Islamic Master. (Conduct and Communication Series.) Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsyl- vania Press, 1993.
Turner, Victor W. The Forest of Symbols: Aspects of Ndembu Ritual. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1967.
Voll, John O. Islam: Continuity and Change in the Modern World. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1994.
Vorhoff, Karin. Zwischen Glaube, Nation und neuer Gemeinschaft: Alevitische Identität in der Türkei der Gegenwart. (Islamkundliche Untersuchungen 184.) Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1995.
Wach, Joachim. Sociology of Religion. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1958.
Weber, Max. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. Ed. Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1978 [1922].
Weber, Max. 2002 [1905] The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury.
Wilson, Bryan R. The Social Dimensions of Sectarianism: Sects and New Religious Sects and New Religious Movements in Contemporary Society. Oxford: Clarendon/Oxford University Press, 1990.
Zarcone, Thierry. “Stone People, Tree People and Animal People in Turkic Asia and Eastern Europe”. Diogenes 52/3 (2005) 35-46.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Albert Doja; Yılmaz Arı
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
